Next to the Orthodox Church, maintained to-day solely by native clergy and lay persons, the linguistic data are our best evidence for the extent of Russian impact on the Yup'ik culture. This evidence supports the contention that Russian influence was profound, affecting almost all domains of life, the political, economic, religious and societal. To-day, this influence manifests itself mostly cognitively, and has become part of majority of Yup'ik self-identification and self-definition. Traits and complexes which can be proven to be of Russian origin are spoken of, or believed to be "native".